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Empires at War: 1911-1923 Paperback – Sept. 27 2015
by
Robert Gerwarth
(Editor),
Erez Manela
(Editor)
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Empires at War, 1911-1923 offers a new perspective on the history of the Great War. It expands the story of the war both in time and space to include the violent conflicts that preceded and followed the First World War, from the 1911 Italian invasion of Libya to the massive violence that followed the collapse of the Ottoman, Russian, and Austrian empires until 1923. It also presents the war as a global war of empires rather than a a European war between nation-states. This volume tells the story of the millions of imperial subjects called upon to defend their imperial governments' interest, the theatres of war that lay far beyond Europe, and the wartime roles and experiences of innumerable peoples from outside the European continent. Empires at War covers the broad, global mobilizations that saw African solders and Chinese labourers in the trenches of the Western Front, Indian troops in Jerusalem, and the Japanese military occupying Chinese territory. Finally, the volume shows how the war set the stage for the collapse not only of specific empires, but of the imperial world order writ large.
- ISBN-10019873493X
- ISBN-13978-0198734932
- EditionReprint
- PublisherOxford University Press
- Publication dateSept. 27 2015
- LanguageEnglish
- Dimensions23.11 x 1.52 x 15.49 cm
- Print length304 pages
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Review
"The First World War was a war not fought between nations but between empires European and Asian as well as 'blue-water empires'. This fundamental insight of the Greater War opens a powerful new perspective on the way the war was fought, the aims of the combatants, and the strains it imposed on their brittle systems of rule. The result is a major contribution to rethinking the First World War's impact on modern world (and not just European) history." --John Darwin, Oxford University 04/08/2014 "Empires at War is the best account we have of the global framework of warfare in the period including and surrounding the Great War. The value of this rich collection is in its forceful demonstration of how deeply imbedded nations were in transnational projects, traditions, experiences, and dreams." --Jay Winter, Yale University 04/08/2014 "With contributions from this generation's most influential historians, Empires at War offers a stunning reappraisal of the First World War's global dimensions; revealing with brilliant clarity how imperialism reached its zenith, and then collapsed as a newly politicized ethnic and racial groups stepped forward to demand their rightful place in the world order." --Jennifer D. Keene, Chapman University 04/08/2014 "Empires at War makes and important and much-needed contribution to the history of the Great War by reminding us that it was a truly a world wide conflict and one which for many areas from Central Europe to the Far East continued well beyond the armistice of 1918. This strong collection of thoughtful essays expands our understanding of a pivotal moment of the twentieth century by showing the war's global impact and consequences." --Margaret MacMillan, Oxford University 04/08/2014
Book Description
First history of Great War as a global conflict of empires
About the Author
Robert Gerwarth is the author and editor of several books on the history of violence, including a biography of Reinhard Heydrich (with Donald Bloxham, 2011), Political Violence in Twentieth-Century Europe (2011); and War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence after the Great War (with John Horne, 2012). Erez Manela directs the Program on Global Society and Security at Harvard University. He is the author of The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (2007) and co-editor of The Shock of the Global: The 1970s in Perspective (2010). He is currently completing a book on the global eradication of smallpox in the Cold War era.
Product details
- Publisher : Oxford University Press
- Publication date : Sept. 27 2015
- Edition : Reprint
- Language : English
- Print length : 304 pages
- ISBN-10 : 019873493X
- ISBN-13 : 978-0198734932
- Item weight : 463 g
- Dimensions : 23.11 x 1.52 x 15.49 cm
- Part of series : The Greater War
- 鶹 Rank: #1,134,765 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #833 in History of Western Europe
- #1,077 in Military Textbooks
- #1,444 in U.S. History of World War I
- Customer Reviews:
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Erez Manela is a professor of history at Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His teaching and research focus on twentieth-century international history and the history of the United States in the world.
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- Reviewed in Canada on July 11, 2019Verified Purchase
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- Mieczyslaw KasprzykReviewed in the United Kingdom on January 6, 2016
4.0 out of 5 stars An Excellent Introduction to the Real Great War
Verified Purchase"Empires at Wasr" consists of a series of short essays written by experts in the field. Each empire involved in the First World War gets an informed section to itself. The authors explain the situation prior to the opening of conflict, their experiences during the war itself and the aftereffects, and in so doing expand our understanding of the Great War beyond the Western Front and boundaries of Europe, but also beyond the timeframe so often attached to those hostilities. Being a coming together of such vast range of topics, this could have been a very dry read indeed but the degree of information provided and occasional sprinkling of bits of detail, such as the vignette of General Botha metamorphosing from Colonial rebel to loyalist warrior, from horseback to airplane, provide the sort of interest that whets the appetite for more.
I was always taught that WW1 was driven by the railway timetables of Europe and the interlocking of diplomatic agreements but this is not true - the war in Europe was merely a station on the railway line of Nationalism; the ambitions of new nations confronting declining powers. The Italians, for example, saw an opportunity to acquire an empire in the lands of the declining Ottoman Empire. The invasion of Libya was only the beginning of a series of wars that gradually pushed the Ottomans out of Europe and which can be seen as a prelude to, if not actually part of, WW1. The Austro-Hungarian Empire looked to expanding into the newly-"vacated" Balkans whilst the youthful would-be "empire" of Serbia, one of the chief players in the wars against the Ottomans and in the grab for power of the Balkan Wars, was also eyeing possibilities; conflict was inevitable. It was also inevitable that Russia, which saw itself as defender of the Orthodox Slavs, would become involved. In this context it is important to view WW1 as the Fourth Balkan War which happened to run out of control.
The Russian Empire caved-in on itself because it went onto a war footing in occupied territories where its own troops were both occupiers and defenders at the same time. Inadequate military governors replaced experienced civilian ones who were well-versed in the political complexities of governing what was to become the main battleground of the Eastern Front. In the vacuum of the post-war years new states arising from the breakup of the old empires in the east, themselves a militarised society (their citizens having served in the War) newly given an independent voice and attempting to create nation states, experienced disruption as they came into conflict with minority ethnic groups and religions that had fallen into their spheres and, in turn, clashed with the ambitions of their equally new-born neighbours.
The roots of a future war were laid in the German "subconscious" by their experiences during this conflict. The German Empire, locked out of the prospects of an overseas empire began to see its future as a continental one and began to eye the eastern lands occupied by new and vulnerable states. The Germans had also looked down on the British and French use of colonial native troops in the European conflict, seeing this act as exposing European weaknesses to primitive societies. In time this stimulated the idea of other European races as being inferior.
The situation in Africa, as might be expected, was quite complex. Initially, both German and British colonies hoped they might remain out of the conflict in a state of neutrality, but this was not to be. Fighting only really broke out because of the British need to secure the sea lanes by destroying German radio stations and supply bases. It has to be remembered that the first shots fired in the Great War by a soldier in British service were fired in Togoland by Alhaji Grunshi, part of an advance patrol of the Gold Coast Regiment, when they encountered a German-led police force on 7 August 1914, at a factory in Nuatja, near Lomé.
The War placed great economic pressures on the French Empire placed a great burden on her colonies and this, coupled with enforced conscription due to a need for manpower at the front, an exposure to the French way of life, and racist attitudes in France towards native troops, sowed the seeds of discontent, both in Africa and Asia, that came to a head after WW2.
The British, unlike the French, kept their African troops fighting only in Africa. the loyalty of these forces was unreliable, however, for they would shift sides depending on the scale of the renumeration for their services. A chapter on the dealings of Britain with her Dominions and India, and a juxtaposed one looking at the almost-chaos of the war in Portuguese Africa, actually highlights the broader aspects of Empire that are quite complicated and demonstrate how the seeds of independence became sown. In the post-War era one saw an interesting "balance", in both Canada and Australia, between a decline of faith in the Empire and, at the same time, a demand for recognition of the service and sacrifice in war of the men of those Dominions which often lead to conflict at home.
The war catapulted Japan's position into the leading ranks amongst the empires of the world. The actual origins of this, once again, lay in actions that dated back further than 1905 and the defeat of Russia. It is the diversion of Western attention to the European theatre that created a vacuum which was filled by Japan and which spelt the end of European expansion in East Asia. Once again, a Eurocentric view of the War leads us to forget the continuation of hostilities in Siberia into the 1920s. Japan played a significant role here.
A fascinating chapter on China explains how the nation was at a crucial turning-point during this period. Humiliated by Japan in 1895, she looked to Western ideals as a way forward. The fiasco that initially accompanied her attempt to enter the War in 1917 was a sign of things to come. China entered the War full of commitment and hope only to find herself betrayed by the Allies at Paris. At this stage she looked for a "third way" forward and began to show interest in Bolshevism. How the seeds of our times are sown!
One tends not to think of the USA as having an empire so the chapter dealing with it is, initially, a revelation. It's not long, however, before one is to be seen slapping one's forehead and saying "Of course!". The US developed very specific ways of politically and economically managing areas that it felt fell into its sphere of self-interest and it is fascinating to see how these are still being employed to this day. American racist attitudes, coupled with its self-deluded view that it was an exemplar of what a multi-ethnic, multi-religious society could achieve, had a powerful influence on the Paris Peace talks and, in many ways, contributed to the failure of the process. Yet it was the concept of self-determinism, introduced by the Americans, that also played a significant part in controlling the greed of France and Britain, and laid the foundations of the unrest we see today, especially in the Middle East.
This is an excellent introduction to a real understanding of the complexities of Modern history and their origins in the lead up to the Great War, that watershed in our history.