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  • Collapse: The Fall of the Soviet Union
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Collapse: The Fall of the Soviet Union Hardcover – Nov. 30 2021

4.6 out of 5 stars 408 ratings
4.3 on Goodreads
1,906 ratings

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A major study of the collapse of the Soviet Union—showing how Gorbachev’s misguided reforms led to its demise

“A deeply informed account of how the Soviet Union fell apart.”—Rodric Braithwaite,
Financial Times

“[A] masterly analysis.”—Joshua Rubenstein,
Wall Street Journal

In 1945 the Soviet Union controlled half of Europe and was a founding member of the United Nations. By 1991, it had an army four million strong with five thousand nuclear-tipped missiles and was the second biggest producer of oil in the world. But soon afterward the union sank into an economic crisis and was torn apart by nationalist separatism. Its collapse was one of the seismic shifts of the twentieth century.

Thirty years on, Vladislav Zubok offers a major reinterpretation of the final years of the USSR, refuting the notion that the breakup of the Soviet order was inevitable. Instead, Zubok reveals how Gorbachev’s misguided reforms, intended to modernize and democratize the Soviet Union, deprived the government of resources and empowered separatism.
Collapse sheds new light on Russian democratic populism, the Baltic struggle for independence, the crisis of Soviet finances—and the fragility of authoritarian state power.

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Review

“A deeply informed account of how the Soviet Union fell apart.”—Rodric Braithwaite, Financial Times

“A compelling account. . . . [A] masterly analysis.”—Joshua Rubenstein,
Wall Street Journal

“An excellent study. . . . There have been several books over the past quarter century that have covered this territory. Zubok’s is the most comprehensive, detailed and original.”—Victor Sebestyen,
Sunday Times

“This new take on the unexpected collapse of the Soviet empire, by an eminent Soviet-born historian, zooms in on the economic failings and pressures that drove the collapse. . . . Zubok depicts a fateful coalition of idealists, grifters, and thugs that ended up shaping the disastrous 1990s.”—James Palmer,
Foreign Policy

“Thoroughly and deeply researched and emotionally engaging for the reader, it is difficult to envisage how there could be a better book on the subject.”—Geoffrey Roberts,
Irish Times

“[A] remarkably reliable narrative, effectively covering two years, 1990 and 1991. [Zubok’s] exactitude punctures many a myth, especially on the economy, as he sifts an immense body of research to discover, among other things, that egregious financial mismanagement, not excessive defence outlays, proved fatal.”—Stephen Kotkin,
Times Literary Supplement

“[Zubok’s] masterpiece,
Collapse, is a devastating analysis of the reasons Gorbachev’s reforms failed.”—Perry Anderson, London Review of Books

“An impressive history.”—
Literary Review of Canada

“The first comprehensive political history of the Gorbachev years to be based almost exclusively on original (mostly Russian-language) archival sources. . . . Zubok makes the most convincing case to date for considering seriously ‘the decisive and implacable role of money in the Soviet demise.’”—Yana Skorobogatov,
Russian Review

“No book will likely be produced soon that matches Zubok’s in detail, power, and depth in marshalling the evidence. This book is a central, indispensable work on the end of the USSR.”—
Canadian-American Slavic Studies Review

“No book will likely be produced soon that matches Zubok’s in detail, power, and depth in marshalling the evidence. This book is a central, indispensable work on the end of the USSR.”—Bradley D. Woodworth,
Canadian-American Slavic Studies

“Skillfully written. . . . The author presents the reader with the knowledge that was in front of the actors at the time, not with a 20/20 knowledge of the events that followed.”—Vladislav M. Zubok,
Brave New Europe

“Using remarkably copious archival sources, which he has mastered with impressive thoroughness . . . Zubok’s study presents a powerful, detailed picture of puzzling events of great importance.”—Gary Saul Morson,
New Criterion

“Deeply researched and complex. . . . [It] provide[s] a clearer understanding of recent Russian history.”—
American Affairs

Finalist for the 2022 Cundill History Prize

Winner of the Reginald Zelnik Book Prize, sponsored by ASEEES

“As lucid as it is even-handed, this book will become the new standard for anyone seeking to make sense of the chaos, optimism and foolishness that led to the end of Mikhail Gorbachev’s attempts at reform and the downfall of the Soviet Union.”—Mark Galeotti, author of
A Short History of Russia

“A drama of epic proportions, the Soviet collapse never looked so contingent on human courage and follies, accidents and missed opportunities, as in this book. . . . The best narrative of the Soviet Union’s end we have so far.”—Vladimir Pechatnov, coeditor of
The Kremlin Letters

“This is a deeply researched indictment of Mikhail Gorbachev’s timidity and mercurial policies that backfired. Zubok invokes George Kennan’s hope at the dawn of the Cold War that the USSR would experience ‘gradual mellowing.’ Instead, Russia at the turn of the twenty-first century was ripe for the rise of Putin.”—Strobe Talbott, former U.S. Deputy Secretary of State and author of
The Great Experiment

“A deeply researched, gripping account of the final Soviet unravelling: Gorbachev’s growing weakness, infighting among his opponents, breakaways to independence by the USSR’s constituent republics, including Russia itself, all in the face of growing reluctance of the Bush administration and the Western alliance to help Gorbachev salvage a democratic union.”—William Taubman, Pulitzer Prize–winning author of
Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, and of Gorbachev: His Life and Times

“In this provocative, deeply-researched retelling of Mikhail Gorbachev’s turbulent six years in the Kremlin, Zubok challenges the conventional wisdom that the USSR was destined to collapse. He attributes the demise to Gorbachev’s ideological messianism, his failed reforms and repeated policy zig-zags. A must-read for those seeking to understand how a nuclear superpower could have imploded peacefully—and why today’s Russian leaders are so determined to restore Russia’s great power status.”—Angela Stent, author
Putin’s World: Russia Against the West and with the Rest

About the Author

Vladislav M. Zubok is professor of international history at the London School of Economics and Political Science and author of A Failed Empire, Zhivago’s Children, and The Idea of Russia. He is a finalist for the 2022 Cundill History Prize.

Product details

  • ASIN ‏ : ‎ 0300257309
  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ Yale University Press
  • Publication date ‏ : ‎ Nov. 30 2021
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Print length ‏ : ‎ 560 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0274759608
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0300257304
  • Item weight ‏ : ‎ 1.09 kg
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 16.51 x 5.08 x 24.13 cm
  • 鶹 Rank: #178,525 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
  • Customer Reviews:
    4.6 out of 5 stars 408 ratings

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4.6 out of 5 stars
408 global ratings

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Top reviews from Canada

  • Reviewed in Canada on June 9, 2024
    Verified Purchase
    Came super quickly in great condition. Really enjoyed this immensely informative read.
  • Reviewed in Canada on February 18, 2023
    Verified Purchase
    What a superb book! Thoroughly researched, engaging, moving, objective. Totally illuminating regarding one of the most relevant historical events of the 20th century.
  • Reviewed in Canada on March 28, 2023
    Verified Purchase
    If you think you know what happened you will learn much more and become to understand why and how it happened. This is a book you simply can not not read.
  • Reviewed in Canada on January 14, 2023
    Verified Purchase
    Shipping was good and i'm happy to have the books at a great price for me.
  • Reviewed in Canada on May 10, 2022
    Verified Purchase
    I was disappointed in this book and did not finish it. Zubok does not get beyond the endless political minutiae of the Soviet Union’s final years — there’s a million trees here but no forest. As well, Zubok has a persistent bias against Gorbachev, perhaps motivated by his belief that if only Gorbachev had followed Andropov’s lead and instituted “conservative reforms,” the Soviet Union would have emerged from decades of economic stagnation to become a workers’ paradise.

    The many laudatory reviews show that Zubok’s chronicle has an audience; but for readers who want to know why the Soviet Union collapsed, I would strongly recommend Chris Miller’s “The Struggle to Save the Soviet Economy.” Miller explains the basis of Gorbachev’s economic reforms, why the reforms failed, and why their failure led Gorbachev to the decisions that made inevitable the Soviet Union’s collapse. I made no notes on Zubok — I kept waiting for the “good stuff” to begin. I made notes on almost every page of Miller.
    5 people found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in Canada on April 27, 2025
    Verified Purchase
    Disappointed. Read only 50 pages and gave up.
  • Reviewed in Canada on March 8, 2023
    Verified Purchase
    Got 30 pages in felt completely lost with the all the technical economics talk. Unless you have a high understanding of economics and the world economy don’t bother. Also seems like the author blamed absolutely everything on Gorbachev

Top reviews from other countries

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  • Alessandro
    4.0 out of 5 stars Collapse
    Reviewed in Italy on April 10, 2023
    Verified Purchase
    Well written and brethtaking. Sono chiare le antipatie dell’autore, ma la quantità e la contestualizzazione delle informazioni sono notevoli. Consigliabile per chi si ricorda degli anni di Gorbaciov ma non ha presente tutti i dettagli
    Report
  • Piano
    5.0 out of 5 stars Collapse
    Reviewed in Germany on May 9, 2023
    Verified Purchase
    Thorough but vivid description guiding us through the complex events ending with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Particularly Gorbachev and his conflict with Yeltsin emerge in a new fascinating light.
  • Blu
    5.0 out of 5 stars P O W E R F U L .
    Reviewed in the United States on July 8, 2025
    Verified Purchase
    The author summarized: "The ghost of the disappeared Soviet Union ... still haunts the imagination of contemporaries .... This amazing story teaches us not to trust in the seeming certainty of continuity and should help us prepare for sudden shocks in the future" (p. 439).

    An engrossing in-depth eloquent analyses concerning the events and individuals affecting the 1991 demise of the Soviet Union. Moreover, the unforeseen Chernobyl nuclear disaster on April 26, 1986, crystallized the horrors of a possible nuclear war. Thus, a new orientation to end the exorbitant arms race with the United States.

    Further, General Secretary Gorbachev promulgated new reforms, including, relaxing travel restrictions in 1989: "... [T]he shock that thousands of Soviet people experienced when they crossed Soviet borders and visited Western countries .... For first-time Soviet travelers to the West a visit to a supermarket produced the biggest effect. The contrast between half-empty, gloomy Soviet food stores and glittering Western palaces with an abundant selection of food was mind-boggling.... This experience changed Soviet travelers forever" (p. 82).

    At times, repetitive and somewhat confusing. For instance, U.S. President Bush needed Gorbachev's approval for his Iraq offense, which was initially described on Page 143, then inexplicably again, on Page 172. On another occasion, the author indicated that Yeltsin was influenced by Alexander Solzhenitsyn's brochure "How To Rebuild Russia," on Page 150, which is again repeated, on Page 173. Scrupulous editing needed.

    Notwithstanding such glitches, nonetheless, a fascinating detailed portrayal of the unexpected implosion of a superpower. Having read other books on the subject, if I had to select only ONE about the USSR collapse, I would choose this as the best.
  • Paradesi K.Yarikipati
    5.0 out of 5 stars Convincing Explanation for Collapse of USSR
    Reviewed in India on September 24, 2023
    Verified Purchase
    Of all the books I read on this subject,Zubok's book COLLAPSE offers most convincing and correct explanation and reasons for the disintegration of the Soviet Union.After reading this book, our respect towards Gorbachev will increase -he risked his position and lost empire but didn't deviate from his daring democratic reforms.. the West's claim of victory over Communism is not correct... A must read..
    Customer image
    Paradesi K.Yarikipati
    5.0 out of 5 stars
    Convincing Explanation for Collapse of USSR

    Reviewed in India on September 24, 2023
    Of all the books I read on this subject,Zubok's book COLLAPSE offers most convincing and correct explanation and reasons for the disintegration of the Soviet Union.After reading this book, our respect towards Gorbachev will increase -he risked his position and lost empire but didn't deviate from his daring democratic reforms.. the West's claim of victory over Communism is not correct... A must read..
    Images in this review
    Customer image
  • Dusty Bill
    5.0 out of 5 stars Long well written account of an very unexpected event
    Reviewed in the United Kingdom on June 15, 2025
    Verified Purchase
    A well written, meticulous and well researched account of how a superpower collapsed without an external pressure. It is a long read but worth it.
    Like in the USA, a lot of power was placed in the leader, working on the assumption that only suitable persons would be in charge. It took one frankly incompetent but well meaning man in charge to cause such economic chaos, that the positive political reforms were of no value and collapse occoured.