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How the Classics Made Shakespeare (E. H. Gombrich Lecture Series Book 2) Kindle Edition
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From one of our most eminent and accessible literary critics, a groundbreaking account of how the Greek and Roman classics forged Shakespeare’s imagination
Ben Jonson famously accused Shakespeare of having “small Latin and less Greek.” But he was exaggerating. Shakespeare was steeped in the classics. Shaped by his grammar school education in Roman literature, history, and rhetoric, he moved to London, a city that modeled itself on ancient Rome. He worked in a theatrical profession that had inherited the conventions and forms of classical drama, and he read deeply in Ovid, Virgil, and Seneca. In a book of extraordinary range, acclaimed literary critic and biographer Jonathan Bate, one of the world’s leading authorities on Shakespeare, offers groundbreaking insights into how, perhaps more than any other influence, the classics made Shakespeare the writer he became.
Revealing in new depth the influence of Cicero and Horace on Shakespeare and finding new links between him and classical traditions, ranging from myths and magic to monuments and politics, Bate offers striking new readings of a wide array of the plays and poems. At the heart of the book is an argument that Shakespeare’s supreme valuation of the force of imagination was honed by the classical tradition and designed as a defense of poetry and theater in a hostile world of emergent Puritanism.
Rounded off with a fascinating account of how Shakespeare became our modern classic and has ended up playing much the same role for us as the Greek and Roman classics did for him, How the Classics Made Shakespeare combines stylistic brilliance, accessibility, and scholarship, demonstrating why Jonathan Bate is one of our most eminent and readable literary critics.
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherPrinceton University Press
- Publication dateApril 16 2019
- File size5.7 MB
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Review
"In a book as vigorous and often delightful as How the Classics Made Shakespeare, this should make any scholar – or perhaps just the ‘original’ ones – raise an eyebrow."---Micha Lazarus, Translations and Literature
"Bate is excellent at discussing text and context, Shakespeare and his contemporaries as well as the classics. Bate’s style is elegant, his learning informative, and his book rich beyond what a review can tell."---Jonathan Locke Hart, Renaissance & Reformation
"Jonathan Bate does not disappoint. . . . An absolute tour de force, a scholar non pareil, in every regard."---Ian Lipke, Queensland Reviewers Collective
"How the Classics Made Shakespeare is the most comprehensive, detailed, and eloquent treatment of the topic by a single author we have . . . no one . . . has revealed so much about Shakespeare and the classics altogether as Bate . . . . [A] charming book."---Scott F. Crider, Moreana
"His scholarship is impeccable, his writing clear and vibrant. The study is a real delight, never ponderous, wonderfully insightful."---Alan Dent, Penniless Press
"At his best, Bate is utterly enthralling . . . . [How the Classics Made Shakespeare] is a wonderful, enlightening read."---Chris Tudor, Argo
"[How the Classics Made Shakespeare is] frequently exquisite."---Elizabeth Winkler, Wall Street Journal
"Bate well reminds us that the survival of the classical world he has explored is under an even greater threat, as its literature and history recede from our educational curricula. We have even smaller Latin and even less Greek."---Paul Dean, The New Criterion
"[In this] amazingly erudite new study . . . Jonathan Bate shows that this process of repurposing old stories has always been the point of Shakespeare."---Daniel Swift, The Spectator
"Discussions of classical influence on Shakespeare have generally looked at specific quotes, references, and allusions. By contrast, in this thorough study notable Shakespeare scholar Jonathan Bate takes a different approach: he considers the influence of classical works on the Elizabethan mindset, arguing that one must consider the indirect, as well as the direct, influences of the classics on Shakespeare’s work and on its reception by an Elizabethan audience. The author ably demonstrates that looking at the indirect influences enables one to appreciate the profound influence of the classical tradition (particularly Ovid) not only on Shakespeare but on the broader Elizabethan understanding of the world. Having detailed the influence of the classical on Shakespeare, Bate then traces a similar dynamic for Shakespeare’s influence on contemporary readers. Smoothly paced―thanks to compact, well-focused chapters―this fascinating work is eminently readable. It offers new readings of Shakespeare’s works and new ways of thinking about the influence of literary tradition, and it provides deep contextualization with broad and well-supported references to classical and early modern works."---L. S. Stanavage, Choice Reviews
"Jonathan Bate’s luminous study presents Shakespeare anew as a Renaissance writer. . . . The classics, Bate argues, made Shakespeare sexy . . . Shakespeareans of every kind will read this book with profit and pleasure."---David Quint, Renaissance Quarterly
Review
"This book is a wonderful treat for all. Scholars who thought that they knew all about the influence of the classics on Shakespeare will have to think again. Bate explains with unparalleled synthesis and lucidity why Shakespeare was 'the Cicero of his age' and how and why he modeled his lifework on Horace. General readers will not be able to put this book down: it is beautifully written and packed with arresting insights."―Sonia Massai, King’s College London
“A rich and varied tapestry, this is a masterly exploration of Shakespeare’s uses of classical authors, and of the wider uses of classical history and tradition in the political and cultural life of Renaissance Britain. The writing is graceful and the scholarship is worn lightly, making the book widely accessible."―Philip Hardie, Trinity College, University of Cambridge
About the Author
Product details
- ASIN : B07JJQ3HRR
- Publisher : Princeton University Press
- Accessibility : Learn more
- Publication date : April 16 2019
- Language : English
- File size : 5.7 MB
- Screen Reader : Supported
- Enhanced typesetting : Enabled
- X-Ray : Not Enabled
- Word Wise : Enabled
- Print length : 379 pages
- ISBN-13 : 978-0691185637
- Page Flip : Enabled
- 鶹 Rank: #232,175 in Kindle Store (See Top 100 in Kindle Store)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Jonathan Bate is Professor of Shakespeare and Renaissance Literature at the University of Warwick, chief editor of The RSC Shakespeare: Complete Works and the author of many books, including most recently John Clare: A Biography, which won the Hawthornden Prize for Literature and the James Tait Black Prize for Biography. A Fellow of the British Academy, he was awarded a CBE in 2006.
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Top reviews from Canada
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- Reviewed in Canada on September 20, 2019Verified PurchaseAs Ben Jonson’s ipse dixit has it, Shakespeare had “small Latin and less Greek,” and yet, as Bate demonstrably displays in this book, his oeuvre is deeply steeped in the Classics. Well beyond listing quotes that refer to gods, demigods, heroes, soldiers, poets or politicians of ancient Greek or Roman origin, this is a thorough scrutiny of the traceable influence the Classics had on Shakespeare. The analysis goes past his hypothetical access to direct sources, either through his schooling or their existence in print, and delves in the shaping influence of Classical thought on Elizabethan England with its inescapable impact on the Bard and his contemporaries. Shakespeare’s works amply prove how creative genius can build upon mankind’s shared cultural heritage, as he liberally appropriated what worked best for dramatic effect in his plays and poems, turning it around, modifying or reinventing storylines, and admitting or contradicting principles and rules. We all own Shakespeare, just as he owned the Classics, a fact universally proven as every age and culture since continues to interpret and adapt his works to fit its times. I’d say, hurrah for appropriation!
Top reviews from other countries
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Tiago Marques LuizReviewed in Brazil on April 16, 2019
5.0 out of 5 stars Livro incrível
Verified PurchaseJonathan Bate, renomado pesquisador de Shakespeare, faz um trabalho de fôlego em mostrar como os clássicos gregos tiveram respaldo na produção dramática do dramaturgo inglês.
Vale a pena adquirir.
- Timothy ShepherdReviewed in the United Kingdom on January 13, 2024
5.0 out of 5 stars Excellent look at the influence of the Classics on Shakespeare.
Verified PurchaseThis is a highly readable and well organised look at how the Classics, particularly Roman poetry and plays, influenced both the genres and content of Shakespeare’s writing. If you have a good basic knowledge of Shakespeare’s plays, this book will greatly enhance your understanding.
- Ann Bolton BevinsReviewed in the United States on August 11, 2019
5.0 out of 5 stars Jonathan Bate's How the Classics Made Shakespeare is an Indispensab Source
Verified PurchaseMy interest in the historical Shakespeare became somewhat acute under the instruction of Dr. Rosemary Allen of Georgetown College. My paper for this class, which focused on Shakespeare's plays, was entitled "The Making of William Shakespeare." I found much to quote fromEmrys Jones, The Origins of Shakespeare (Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1977) and also developed an intense interest in T.M. Baldwin's William Shakspeare's Small Latine and Lesse Greeke, a facsimile reprint of Baldwin's 1,500 page work that presents Shakespeare's education in the English Common School System within a program developed by Desiderius Erasmus (1468?-1536), a leading Humanist and activist/ scholar who worked with Thomas More and John Colet to develop and prepare books for the academic program at St. Paul's School, London, a program then adopted by the English common schools. Thus Shakespeare benefitted from this superior educational plan in a major way. Application of Erasmus's system made Shakespeare and other St. Paul's and common schools students into polished scholars and writers. Baldwin's volume one was made available through 鶹 earlier this year. Hopefully Baldwin's volume two will become available in coming months. As I studied the plays and biographical material about William Shakespeare, it became apparent that Shakespeare's knowledge of Ovid's Metamorphoses and the works of Homer, Virgil, Horace, Plutarch was applied in a major way as he developed his pays. Bate's How the Classics Made Shakespeare develops these connections and relates them to specific plays and other Shakespeare poems and sonnets. I and other students are most grateful to Jonathan Bate for putting this information together for those of who are avid students. The book is a "must read." I am glad to have it in my library and purchased a copy for my grandson who intends to pursue a doctorate in English toward teaching English literature in a leading university.
- Dr. Richard M. WaugamanReviewed in the United States on July 18, 2019
5.0 out of 5 stars Superb, with One Minor Flaw
Verified PurchaseEveryone who loves Shakespeare will benefit from reading Bate's book. It is a tour de force. Bate displays his immense learning with a light touch. He joins previous authors such as Collin Burrows in making it absolutely clear that Shakespeare was far more indebted to the Latin classics than is generally recognized. At one time, the prevailing wisdom was that Shakespeare represented a natural genius. Stanley Wells has said "He was not that learned." Bate begs to differ. I do wonder why Bate omits Virgil's possible influence on Shakespeare's well-known use of hendiadys (a type of word pair), while acknowledging that Virgil was a major influence on Elizabethan poetic structure (279).
That minor flaw my title alluded to? There's the small matter of who "Shake-speare" was. Bate seems to have a preconception about this. Preconceptions, when strongly held, interfere with objective scholarship. And this book provides a useful case study of where Bate's usual keen intellect is led astray by his probably false assumption as to the writer's identity.
The "relatively uneducated genius" narrative about Shakespeare has been astonishingly influential, still holding many scholars in its implicitly anti-intellectual grip. What about suspending judgment about the author's identity, and simply following the evidence where it leads? Bate offers us a road map to learning more about the real author. Someone deeply steeped in the classics, to the extent that Bate says they influenced him more than did Elizabethan religious beliefs (Protestant or Catholic).
And Bate hits the nail squarely on the head when he admits that "the cult of Shakespeare was indeed becoming [and very much still is] a secular faith." Ironically, Bate seems unaware of the unconscious influence of his own "faith" in the traditional author, against the preponderance of relevant evidence, including that offered in his own book.
Let me end with a few examples of Bate getting yanked back from drawing more plausible conclusions, because of his "faith" in the Merchant of Stratford. His very first paragraph audaciously claims we have two "letters" by Shakespeare (1). No, these are actually published dedicatory epistles. Bate repeatedly argues against the central thesis of his book by asserting that Shakespeare probably did not himself read some of the Latin classics of which one finds "traces" in his works, such as Justus Lipsius or Lucretitius (12-13). Bate evidently cannot reconcile Shakespeare's deep familiarity with Latin (and Greek) classics with his alleged (but unproven) grammar school education.
When Bate cites the influence on Shakespeare of John Lyly, he misleadingly omits the crucial fact that Lyly was the literary secretary of the Earl of Oxford, the leading alternative authorship candidate. Similarly, he fails to inform us that Oxford's early education in the classics (before he entered Cambridge at eight) involved living in the home of his tutor Sir Thomas Smith, one of the two foremost classics scholars of Elizabethan England (48). He cites Laurence Nowell (51), but does not tell us he also tutored Oxford. He quotes from Francis Meres (57), but omits Meres' praise of the works of Oxford. He quotes from the anonymous Arte of English Poesie, but is silent on its praise of Oxford as someone who preferred to write anonymously, while being one of the best Elizabethan poets and authors of comedies.
Despite these minor flaws, this eye-opening book has enhanced my admiration for Bate as a scholar.